๐ ็ธฝ็ฎ้ ๏ฝ ๐ ่ฑๆๅๆ๏ผๆฌ็ฏ๏ผ ๏ฝ ๐ ๅฎๆด็ฟป่ญฏ ๏ฝ โญ ็ฒพ่ฏ็ญ่จ
HISTORY
In 1981, reports of Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia, Kaposi sarcoma, and chronic ulcerative herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in homosexual men in association with reduced cellmediated immunity were first published. Soon thereafter, the under-lying condition was termed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), with descriptions of other associated opportunistic infections as well as additional affected populations, including hemophiliacs/ blood transfusion recipients, intravenous drug users, sexual partners of persons with the disease, infants, and heterosexual Haitians. The causative T-lymphotropic retrovirus was identified in 1983 and named the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); homology to an African zoonosis originating from non-human primates was demonstrated.
Identification of blood-borne, sexual, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV led to universal precautions for the handling of blood and body fluids as well as specific protocols for delivery and breastfeeding. The first effective therapy against HIV, the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor zidovudine (AZT), was FDA-approved in 1987. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART; now referred to as ART), which utilizes several agents to suppress viral replication and thereby delay clinical progression, was introduced in 1996. The latter has led to a substantial reduction in HIV-related morbidity and mortality.