結論（CONCLUSIONS）
硬化治療、門診靜脈切除術，以及血管內靜脈燒灼技術，對於美容性與症狀性靜脈疾病都是絕佳的治療。雖然它們都需要一些額外的訓練以及對淺層靜脈解剖與生理學的知識，但在腿部的感覺與外觀上可以達成顯著的醫療與美容改善。因此，皮膚外科醫師現在能夠治療從最大到最小的所有形式腿部靜脈曲張與微血管擴張。
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超音波導引泡沫硬化治療（ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy, UGFS）是一種利用超音波導引，以泡沫化製劑（如 sodium tetradecyl sulfate 或 polidocanol）將 GSV 硬化的技術。此術式可有效消除 SFJ 功能不全，並改善靜脈疾病病人的臨床結果。與傳統手術相比，UGFS 在改善逆流方面療效相當，但可能需要多次治療療程。以蒸氣進行的血管內熱燒灼術是一項較近期引入的技術，已被用於達成 SFJ 功能不全在影像學與臨床上的改善。初步報告顯示其不劣於 EVLA。
已有數項無需腫脹麻醉的新穎技術被發展出來以閉合 GSV。注射 polidocanol 血管內微泡沫 1%（Varithena®；細節見前述章節）已使 SFJ 功能不全所致的臨床症狀學以及美觀外觀均獲得改善。同樣地，一種專利的氰基丙烯酸酯黏著劑（VenaSeal™）已被發展出來，用於永久閉合功能不全的淺層主幹腿部靜脈，並於 2015 年獲得 FDA 核准。此黏著劑經由一支疏水性導管遞送，導管推進至 SFJ 下方 5 cm 處。機械化學血管內燒灼術是一種結合旋轉導線與液態硬化劑灌注，以同時誘發內皮損傷的技術。它目前正在進行與射頻燒灼術的比較性試驗。