๐ ็ธฝ็ฎ้ ๏ฝ ๐ ่ฑๆๅๆ๏ผๆฌ็ฏ๏ผ ๏ฝ ๐ ๅฎๆด็ฟป่ญฏ ๏ฝ โญ ็ฒพ่ฏ็ญ่จ
Introduction
Melanoma 113
Lisa C. Zaba, Jennifer Y. Wang and Susan M. Swetter
Chapter Contents
CGH, comparative genomic hybridization FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization GEP, gene expression profiling NGS, next generation sequencing
Key features
ยMelanoma represents a malignant tumor that arises from melano- cytes and is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths
ยThe incidence rates of melanoma have increased over the past four decades by five- to seven-fold, whereas mortality rates began to stabilize in the early 1990s and more recently have declined due to effective therapies for advanced disease
ยDermoscopy has led to an improvement in diagnostic accuracy as have bedside imaging technologies and molecular tests, performed both before and after skin biopsy
ยEarly-stage melanomas are usually curable by surgical excision
ยA greater understanding of molecular pathophysiology has trans- lated into improved melanoma risk assessment, diagnosis, prognostication, and targeted therapies
ยFor metastatic melanoma, the advent of oral therapies that target mutant signaling pathways (e.g. BRAF and MEK inhibitors) and immunotherapies that act as checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. anti-CTLA-4, -PD-1, and -PD-L1 antibodies) has resulted in improved overall survival