๐ ็ธฝ็ฎ้ ๏ฝ ๐ ่ฑๆๅๆ๏ผๆฌ็ฏ๏ผ ๏ฝ ๐ ๅฎๆด็ฟป่ญฏ ๏ฝ โญ ็ฒพ่ฏ็ญ่จ
INTRODUCTION
Proper nutrition is fundamental to human life. From fetal development to adulthood, proper nutrition is essential for survival, physical growth, mental development, productivity, and overall health. Deficiency of one isolated nutrient is rare, as individuals are usually deficient in multiple nutrients at the same time. In general, nutrients are categorized as macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) or micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Most people who suffer from nutritional deficiencies live in low-income countries. However, there are certain
conditions that predispose individuals from high-income countries to develop nutritional deficiencies, such as alcohol use disorder, intestinal malabsorption, anorexia nervosa or bulimia, restrictive diets, medications, and chronic or severe acute illnesses.
Nutrients require a process of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and circulation plus subsequent metabolism in order to be beneficial. When any one of these steps is disrupted, or if energy expenditure is increased, clinical manifestations may appear due to insufficient nutrition.
Fig. 51.1 Malnutrition โ classification and causes.Courtesy Ramรณn Ruiz-Maldonado, MD.