皮膚潰瘍的其他成因(OTHER CAUSES OF SKIN ULCERATION)
對於明顯對所開立治療頑固不癒的潰瘍,應重新評估其對照護計畫的順從性;當排除不順從後,則應考慮罕見或不尋常的成因(圖 105.20;見圖 105.1)。
瀰漫性真皮血管瘤病(Diffuse Dermal Angiomatosis)
瀰漫性真皮血管瘤病是血管動脈粥狀硬化的一種不尋常表現。會相當快速地發展出一個或數個呈網狀圖案的紫紅色斑塊,常伴有中央潰瘍。病灶典型疼痛,且通常位於下肢,但也可能出現在其他部位(例如乳房、前臂)(見圖 105.20A)。組織學上,乳頭層與網狀真皮內存在 CD31 陽性內皮細胞的瀰漫性間質增生,並局部形成小型血管管道。無細胞學異型性與異常有絲分裂。
矯正潛在 PAD 的介入措施,例如股動脈血管成形術或股膕動脈繞道手術,可導致快速消退。較少見的情況是病灶未經治療即自行消退。
Panel 對壓力性潰瘍的分類。A 第 I 期:完整皮膚上不會褪色的紅斑。此病灶是即將發生皮膚潰瘍的預示徵象。對於膚色較深的個體,其他徵象可作為指標,包括溫熱、水腫、皮膚變色與硬結。B 第 II 期:部分皮層喪失,侵犯表皮、真皮或兩者。此表淺病灶表現為擦傷、水疱或淺層火山口狀凹陷。C 第 III 期:全皮層喪失,其中皮下組織受損或壞死,並可能向下延伸至但不包括下方筋膜。此深部病灶表現為火山口狀,有時侵犯鄰近組織。D 第 IV 期:全皮層喪失與廣泛組織壞死,破壞及於肌肉、骨骼,或如肌腱或關節囊等支撐構造。可能存在潛行性破壞或竇道。
血液疾病(Hematologic Disorders)
貧血是傷口癒合延遲的主要成因,且常未被充分認識。它妨礙適當的組織氧合。此外,某些型式的貧血伴隨明顯的潰瘍形成傾向,例如血紅素病變(hemoglobinopathies)(見圖 105.20C)。血液惡性腫瘤亦伴隨潰瘍性病程,包括壞疽性膿皮病、血管炎與冷凝球蛋白血症(特別是第 I 型)。凝血異常可在潰瘍形成中扮演直接角色(例如抗磷脂抗體症候群),亦可作為較常見型別皮膚潰瘍(如靜脈性潰瘍)的易感因子。急性大量靜脈栓塞,亦稱 phlegmasia cerulea dolens,可導致腿部大量水腫,隨後因靜脈性肢體壞疽而發生缺血與潰瘍。表 105.9 摘要了懷疑血栓形成傾向時所建議的評估。
熱帶潰瘍(Tropical Ulcers)
這些潰瘍見於居住在熱帶地區的兒童與成人,他們典型居住於鄉村地區,且營養不良或身體衰弱。它們亦可能發生於自這些地區返回的旅行者。雖然許多熱帶疾病以慢性潰瘍表現,「熱帶潰瘍(tropical ulcer)」一詞常用於描述一種蔓延性潰瘍(phagedenic ulcer),通常位於腿部,常續發於輕微外傷。此潰瘍必定伴隨多重微生物感染,包括 Fusobacterium spp.、其他厭氧菌與螺旋體。
熱帶潰瘍必然疼痛,並快速進展,常侵犯深部組織。邊緣呈潛行性破壞並帶紫紅色,且可能發生惡性變性。評估包括抹片與培養,並在懷疑深部侵犯時進行軟組織與骨骼影像檢查。這些潰瘍最好以全身性抗生素
(例如 tetracycline、metronidazole)與非黏著性敷料處置;偶爾需要外科清創。
熱帶潰瘍的鑑別診斷包括熱帶地區其他常見的潰瘍成因,如細菌性(包括炭疽)、分枝桿菌性、深部黴菌與寄生蟲(利什曼原蟲病 leishmaniasis)感染,以及非感染性成因如鐮刀型紅血球貧血、靜脈功能不全、神經病變與外傷。
其他成因(Additional Causes)
各種物理性、發炎性、感染性、代謝性與遺傳性疾病亦伴隨皮膚潰瘍(見圖 105.20B、D–G),並概述於圖 105.1 與表 105.10。
更多圖片可於我們的電子書中取得(存取碼請見封面內頁)。

圖 105-1:腿部潰瘍的成因。Behçet 病的病人因血管炎與/或與深部靜脈栓塞有關的靜脈功能不全而發生下肢潰瘍,且偶爾 erosive pustular dermatosis 亦為腿部潰瘍的成因。Hydroxyurea 誘發的腿部潰瘍常位於踝部或脛骨嵴,極度疼痛,且周圍有萎縮的皮膚。其他與潰瘍相關的遺傳症候群列於表 105.10。GVHD,graft-versus-host disease。
Fig. 105.1 Causes of leg ulcers. Patients with Behçet disease develop lower extremity ulcers due to vasculitis and/or venous insufficiency related to deep vein thromboses, and, occasionally, erosive pustular dermatosis is a cause of leg ulcers. Hydroxyurea-induced leg ulcers are often on the malleolus or tibial crest, exceedingly painful, and surrounded by atrophic skin. Additional genetic syndromes associated with ulceration are listed in Table 105.10. GVHD, graft-versus-host disease.

圖 105-19:National Pressure Ulcer Advisory
Fig. 105.19 National Pressure Ulcer Advisory

圖 105-20:潰瘍的其他成因。A 瀰漫性真皮血管瘤病最常發生於下垂的乳房(注意先前縮乳手術留下的疤痕)與下肢,並伴隨動脈粥狀硬化。B 全身性硬化症伴指尖潰瘍。C 一位鐮刀型紅血球貧血病人的多發性潰瘍。D 類脂質漸進性壞死。此類病人罹患糖尿病的確切風險仍有爭議,但其與糖尿病的關聯較環狀肉芽腫更強。E Prolidase 缺乏症,有自發性潰瘍與先前潰瘍留下的疤痕。F 一位接受 hydroxyurea 治療病人的外踝潰瘍。G 一位青少年的 Henoch–Schönlein 紫斑。A,由 Margo Peters, MD 提供;D,由 Jeffrey P. Callen, MD 提供;E,由 Duygu Gülseren, MD 提供;F,由 Karynne O. Duncan, MD 提供;G,由 Julie V. Schaffer, MD 提供。
Fig. 105.20 Additional causes of ulcers.A Diffuse dermal angiomatosis develops most often in pendulous breasts (note the scars from previous breast reduction surgery) and the lower extremities in association with atherosclerosis. B Systemic sclerosis with an ulcer of the fingertip. C Multiple ulcers in a patient with sickle cell anemia. D Necrobiosis lipoidica. Controversy exists about the exact risk of diabetes mellitus in such patients, but it is more strongly associated with diabetes than is granuloma annulare. E Prolidase deficiency with spontaneous ulcers and scarring from previous ulcerations. F Ulceration of the lateral malleolus in a patient receiving hydroxyurea. G Henoch–Schönlein purpura in an adolescent. A, Courtesy Margo Peters, MD; D, Courtesy Jeffrey P. Callen, MD; E, Courtesy Duygu Gülseren, MD; F, Courtesy Karynne O. Duncan, MD; G, Courtesy Julie V. Schaffer, MD.

表 105-9:血栓形成傾向/高凝血狀態的評估。網底區域代表第一線篩檢檢驗。初始實驗室評估亦應包括含分類與血小板計數的全血球計數、周邊血抹片檢查、ESR、活化部分凝血活酶時間(partial thromboplastin time, PTT),以及肝腎功能檢查組。對於有網狀紫斑(retiform purpura)的病人可考慮檢測抗嗜中性球細胞質抗體(anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, ANCA),因為 ANCA 陽性血管炎偶爾以極少發炎的病灶表現;levamisole 誘發血管病變的病人可能有抗磷脂抗體(以及 ANCA)。感染亦可導致凝血病變(例如 COVID-19 相關者),其中可偵測到如 fibrinogen 上升或抗磷脂抗體等異常。其他遺傳性高凝血狀態的成因包括編碼內皮蛋白 C 受體、蛋白 Z 依賴性蛋白酶抑制劑與 E-selectin 之基因的多型性。AD,autosomal dominant;CBS,cystathionine β-synthase;DOACs,direct-acting oral anticoagulants;MTHFR,methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase;ND,not determined;OCP,oral contraceptive pills;RVVT,Russell viper-venom time。
Table 105.9 Evaluation for thrombophilia/hypercoagulability. Shaded areas represent first-tier screening tests. The initial laboratory evaluation should also include a complete blood count with differential and platelet count, examination of a peripheral blood smear, ESR, activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and hepatic and renal function panels. Testing for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) can be considered for patients with retiform purpura, as ANCA-positive vasculitides occasionally present with minimally inflammatory lesions; patients with levamisole-induced vasculopathy may have anti-phospholipid antibodies (as well as ANCA). Infections can also lead to coagulopathy (e.g. COVID-19-associated) in which abnormalities such as elevated fibrinogen or antiphospholipid antibodies are detected. Additional inherited causes of hypercoagulability include polymorphisms in the genes encoding the endothelial protein C receptor, the protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor, and E-selectin. AD, autosomal dominant; CBS, cystathionine β-synthase; DOACs, direct-acting oral anticoagulants; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; ND, not determined; OCP, oral contraceptive pills; RVVT, Russell viper-venom time.

表 105-10:皮膚潰瘍的其他成因。除下肢潰瘍外,prolidase 缺乏症的病人會發生瀰漫性微血管擴張、皮膚炎、淋巴水腫與全身性紅斑狼瘡的表現。BCC,basal cell carcinoma;HPV,human papillomavirus;HSV,herpes simplex virus;IM,intramuscular;SAVI,STING (stimulator of interferon genes)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy;sc,subcutaneous;SCC,squamous cell carcinoma。
Table 105.10 Additional causes of cutaneous ulceration. In addition to lower extremity ulcers, patients with prolidase deficiency develop diffuse telangiectasias, dermatitis, lymphedema and manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. BCC, basal cell carcinoma; HPV, human papillomavirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IM, intramuscular; SAVI, STING (stimulator of interferon genes)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy; sc, subcutaneous; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma.